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Уважаемый читатель!
С этого номера мы открываем новую рубрику, в которой собираемся освещать наиболее спорные, с точки зрения научного сообщества и нашего политизированного населения, события.
«Вести» активно ведут эту работу на протяжении последних двух лет. Иногда мы получаем от читателей упреки в тенденциозности освещения тех или иных событий. Понимая особую значимость знания истории Отечества в деле формирования такой важной составляющей нашего национального самосознания, как патриотизм, мы обратились в министерство образования Камчатского края с просьбой о сотрудничестве. Министерство образования откликнулось на нашу просьбу и согласилось поучаствовать в проекте. Сегодня на страницах нашей газеты вы можете ознакомиться с материалом, подготовленным Людмилой Маринкиной, методистом Камчатского института повышения квалификации учителей.

Понимая, что могут существовать разные точки зрения на те или иные события, мы все же не собираемся устраивать дискуссии на страницах газеты, чтобы не превратить тему в бесконечное обсуждение.
Мы лишь пытаемся показать, что нет правильной и неправильной истории, и не бывает истории плохой или хорошей, как предмета науки. Мы должны понять, что мы все – граждане одной страны, творящие ее историю, какие мы – такая и история. Без нас нет Отечества, как и без Отечества нет нас.

«МАЛАЯ  ОКТЯБРЬСКАЯ РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ»
Новая российская государственность в 1991 - 1993 годах находилась в процессе становления. С конца августа 1991 г. по декабрь 1993 г. решался вопрос о власти, который принял форму столкновения двух моделей её организации: президентской и парламентской республики. Принцип разделения властей, положенный в основу государственности, не имел твердой законодательной основы, не было баланса сил между законодательной и исполнительной властями. Исполнительная власть, сосредоточенная в руках президента и правительства, постоянно встречала противодействие со стороны законодательной власти, представленной Съездом народных депутатов РСФСР и Верховным Советом РСФСР.
Конфронтация шла по двум основным вопросам: экономическому и политическому. В экономической сфере законодатели настаивали на проведении реформ с особым вниманием к социальной сфере, в политической - в придании парламенту реальных властных полномочий. Проблема, однако, заключалась в том, что реально парламент не отвечал за реализацию принятых решений. А постоянное противодействие парламента политике правительства просто парализовало властные структуры.
Парламент, имевший право вносить изменения и дополнения в Конституцию, предпринял ряд попыток законодательно ограничить сферу деятельности исполнительной власти и наделить самого себя неограниченными властными полномочиями, что нарушало баланс ветвей власти в государстве.
В такой ситуации отсутствие законодательного закрепления основ государственного строя делало чрезвычайно актуальным вопрос о новой Конституции. На 11 апреля 1993 года был назначен референдум об основных положениях новой Конституции, но собравшийся в марте 1993 г. внеочередной Съезд народных депутатов РСФСР отменил референдум и ввел поправки в Конституцию, ограничивающие полномочия Президента.
26 марта открылся очередной Съезд народных депутатов, на котором предстояло голосование по импичменту (особый порядок привлечения к ответственности за преступления или судебно наказуемые проступки при исполнении служебных обязанностей и отрешение от должности высших должностных лиц). За импичмент было подано 617 голосов (60%), в то время как для принятия решения требовалось 689 (2/3 от числа депутатов).
Ельцин принял решение приостановить работу Съезда и провести референдум о доверии себе и депутатам. 25 апреля референдум показал, что большинство россиян одобряют политику президента и правительства, одновременно выступают против досрочных выборов президента и народных депутатов.
Решающей ошибкой, подорвавшей престиж Ельцина, стал осуществлённый летом принудительный обмен советских денежных купюр на новые российские. Плохо подготовленный технически, проведенный обмен поставил людей в унизительные очереди и даже заставил беспокоиться о сохранности сбережений.
Противостояние было доведено до логического конца в августе, когда Р. Хасбулатов, председатель Верховного совета, открыто призвал руководителей субъектов Федерации прекратить перечисление налогов «антинародному правительству». Убедившись в невозможности сотрудничать с таким парламентом, президент Ельцин 21 сентября издал указ № 1400, распустил Съезд народных депутатов и Верховный Совет. Большая часть депутатов отказалась подчиниться Указу президента, организовала вооруженный мятеж. Чтобы оценить решимость восставших, необходимо вспомнить такую деталь: они приняли «указы», в которых приговорили к расстрелу полтора десятка людей - от президента Ельцина и членов правительства до не поддержавших мятеж видных журналистов.
Верховный Совет расценил действия Б.Н. Ельцина как противоречащие Конституции и квалифицировал их как государственный переворот. В ответ на это в ночь на 22 сентября в здании Белого дома была прервана правительственная связь, заблокирован транспорт, отключено электричество. 23 сентября 1993 г. состоялся последний Съезд народных депутатов. Он объявил о незаконности «режима Ельцина», поручил исполнять обязанности президента народному депутату А.В. Руцкому, утвердил силовых министров. Противостояние стало открытым. В Москву из соседних областей шли колонны автобусов со сторонниками Верховного Совета, вокруг Белого дома собрались толпы его защитников. Многие из них были вооружены. Газеты и телевидение рассказывали о том, что были здесь и русские фашисты, бойцы рижского ОМОНа. Среди депутатов раздавались призывы к захвату Кремля и телецентра.
30 сентября состоялись переговоры между представителями президента и Верховного Совета. В результате был подписан «Протокол № 1». В соответствии с ним оружие в Белом доме, которое заблаговременно накапливалось, нужно было взять под контроль, ликвидировать блокаду и силовое противостояние. Однако, Военный совет обороны Белого дома, созданный накануне, отверг соглашение по «Протоколу № 1». Новые переговоры не привели к позитивным результатам, так как принятие требований Верховного Совета вернуться к политической ситуации, существовавшей накануне начала блокады Белого дома, означало отказ от признания правомерности президента Ельцина и правительства. В ответ президент Борис Ельцин выставил оцепление из милиционеров вокруг Белого Дома и предложил депутатам покинуть здание Верховного Совета РСФСР.
2 октября сторонники Верховного Совета начали активные боевые действия. Блокада Белого дома была прорвана, начались беспорядки на Смоленской площади, сторонники парламента захватили здание мэрии на Новом Арбате, гостиницу «Мир», здания ИТАР-ТАСС, Краснопресненского УВД, заблокировали здание министерства обороны, пытались штурмовать телецентр «Останкино». В результате пролилась кровь, были убитые и раненые.
У здания бывшего Моссовета на Тверской собрались сторонники либерального, демократического развития России. Стало ясно, что у президента есть массовая поддержка, что режим устойчив. В 5 часов утра 4 октября Ельцин подписал указ «О неотложных мерах по обеспечению режима чрезвычайного положения в городе Москве». В Москву были введены воинские части. С 6 часов 45 минут начался обстрел Белого дома. В 16 часов после проникновения в здание сотрудников спецподразделения «Альфа» стрельба была прекращена. В здании Верховного Совета после освобождения были найдены 643 единицы огнестрельного оружия и 308 взрывных устройств (без учета израсходованных и вынесенных боеприпасов).
Согласно официальным данным, подтвержденным 27 июля 1994 года Генеральной прокуратурой, погибли 147 человек. Оппозиция называла цифру 1500 человек убитых и сотни раненых. По данным Центра экстренной медицинской помощи 3-4 октября в Москве пострадал 691 человек, из них 123 погибли. Ни один депутат Верховного Совета при обстреле Белого дома не пострадал.
События сентября - октября 1993 года имели важное политическое значение. Они подвели черту под советским периодом истории России. Была ликвидирована система Советов, которая не предусматривала разделение властей. Советы разного уровня, избранные еще в 1990 году, состояли, в основном, из представителей старой советской элиты и не могли не быть консервативным. Их компетентность в вопросах финансовой стабилизации, приватизации, правого регулирования рыночных отношений была крайне низка.
Сегодня события осени 1993 года историки расценивают как ограниченный во времени и пространстве эпизод гражданской войны, который не вышел за рамки борьбы за власть в столице. Но главным итогом этих событий явилось то, что Россия избежала полновесной гражданской войны в масштабе всего государства и была принята новая Конституция РФ на референдуме 12 декабря 1993 года.

Людмила МАРИНКИНА,
методист Камчатского института
повышения квалификации учителей.

 

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Backstage at the Rockettes' Radio City Christmas Spectacular Sagan Rose : "This is our reindeer costume, which is how we start the show. This is the only costume that we get in our dressing rooms upstairs. All of these bells are hand-applied — everything is so custom, they do an amazing job for us. The leggings have an ombré effect. It's the smallest details that make the biggest difference." Raley Zofko: "It goes all the way down into our custom-designed LaDuca reindeer boot to look like a hoof of the reindeer. But our favorite part of this costume is our antlers. And — surprise surprise, I'm giving away a little story — they light up at the end [of the number], and we control that. We have a button that we press on a specific count, to specific music, on a specific step." Rose, left, and Zofko. pre bonded hairRacked: How much works goes into fitting each costume to each girl? Sagan Rose: "We start rehearsals at the end of September, and we usually have our fittings a couple weeks before that. But the costume shop is working tirelessly all year. They're so good about it, even if it's the littlest thing — they want to make it so custom and nice for us, because we do spend so much time in them and have so many shows. They want to make sure that we're comfortable. I've been doing the show for eight years now, so they keep my costumes for me year after year. But, you know, things change, bodies change. And if I ever come back and need alterations, it's very easy." Raley Zofko: "And stuff happens throughout the season because we're moving. We're athletes in our costumes. If something unravels, they instantly fix it either during the show or after the show. Everybody is just so on it and professional, and it's what makes the show run smoother." Sagan Rose

: "This is my personal favorite. I just feel kinda sassy, like a cliché Rockette. I t's all about the legs — the numbers starts just from our feet to the top of our skirts showing. So that's the focus of this costume. This is pretty close to the original version when they started the 12 Days of Christmas number here, which I want to say was about 10 years ago. It's so pretty with the lights and the colors and everybody in line together. So they really haven't had to change much." Raley Zofko: "The mesh is different because everyone's skin tone is different, so the wardrobe and costume department custom-dye it. And then we have our head pieces that we have to pin on, and then we do a bunch of head turns to make sure that those are bobby-pinned...after our seven and a half-minute minute tap number, we do kicks, which is pretty exhausting. Our show shoes actually have this battery-packed mic that goes in between the heel." Sagan Rose: "So all the taps are live. We get notes that are like, 'Make sure the heel sound on count is clearer, or sharper, or faster, or together.'" Racked: You'll go out in costume a lot for charity and publicity. Where are some of the fun places you go? remy hair extensionsRaley Zofko: "I got to do the New York Presbyterian children's hospitals last year and it was so wonderful to talk to the children that just need some holiday cheer and love. We literally had a dance party with them, so we danced with all of the kids in our costumes and they were looking at us like, 'Oh my gosh!'" Sagan Rose: "I think it's always fun to do the Macy's Day Thanksgiving Parade. That's when I first saw the Rockettes. I'm from Kentucky, and my grandmother brought my family up to New York when I was little and I was like, 'I want to do that one day.' The parade is a fun place to be in costume because it's a tradition to have us there, and you feel like it's a really big honor." Raley Zofko: "I have friends and family that come up just for the parade. I'm from Alabama, and they fly all the way up to sit in the stands to cheer on the Rockettes." Raley Zofko : "'Soldiers' is my favorite number because it's been in the show since its inception. I feel like I am part of history when I put this costume on. W e have the jacket, we have the pants, and we have the two and a half foot-high soldier hat.

Sagan Rose: "Liza Minnelli's father [Vincent] designed this, and he choreographed the number. And we do the same choreography, wear the same costume. It's really cool because you can see that Raley and I are not the same height — she is closer to the center because she's a taller girl, and I am on the very very end of the line. And when we line up we all want to seem that we are the same height, so they custom-make these jackets and pants to your height. My jacket might be a little shorter than hers so that everything matches in line." Raley Zofko: "These pants are foam pants. Because back in the day, when I started the show, they starched-pressed the pants. They stood up on their own — those were very intense." Sagan Rose: "You walk a little straighter, a little stiffer, and it's easier to perform the 'Parade of the Wooden Soldier' routine with the costume like that. And then we have our tap shoes and these round little fabric cheeks that we put on. We go through about 30,000 of those in a Christmas season. Some girls tape them to their cheeks, but I do Vaseline, because my cheeks are sensitive to the tape." Raley Zofko : "We actually get notes if our solider hat isn't straight up and down. What we do is we put their head up against the wall, so that it lines up so and the back of the hat is straight. If someone's hat is too tilted or too back, it could throw off the line completely. We'll get hat notes, like, 'Raley, your hat was a centimeter back!'" Racked: When you're going from a costume like '12 Days of Christmas' that's all about the legs to being completely covered up as a wooden soldier, what does that change in the way that you're dancing or the way that you're presenting yourself? Sagan Rose: "The costume department and the designers take into consideration what movement we're doing in each number. So I don't feel hindered because the movement is fit for this costume, and the costume is fit for the movement. In rehearsals, we rehearse for a month and a half without costumes, and you get used to that. Then you put on the costumes, and it changes the way you dance." Raley Zofko: "Along with what Sagan is saying, I feel like they take into consideration the simplicity of 'Soldiers' or the extravagance of '12 Days.' In 'Soldiers,' it's just about the formations and the history of the number, so they don't need that much movement. And '12 Days' is very in-your-face, and the costume is accordingly descriptive in that fashion." Raley Zofko : "This is the 78-second change that we were talking about. We have our dress and the coats — right here we have green stripes but there's also red stripes as well. There are so many pieces to it, and we have to get out of all of ['Soldiers'] and get to this, and it's just organized chaos." Sagan Rose: "But it's so organized that it's not chaos! Depending on where you are in the line, there's red and green dresses. This jacket has really simple snaps that really get us in and out, because the change is so fast getting into it and it's choreographed getting these off [on stage]. It could be a little stressful if it wasn't so easy. It's kind of fun because, you know, we're human, and there are wardrobe malfunctions. So if someone's having trouble getting out of their coat, because we do get sweaty and things stick to you... Raley Zofko: "We stand next to each other in this number, too. Which is so funny because I'm so tall and you're so..." perruques cheveux naturelsSagan Rose: "Short. You can say it." Raley Zofko: "You're not as tall as I am. We've had the 'take the jacket off!' emergencies where you're praying the girl behind you can hear you and help you remove it." Racked: Is this where these little guys belong, fastened on the jacket? Sagan Rose: "These are the earrings, and they're there for the changes. We put them on the collar just to make it easy. You know where everything is — I know where to reach for my earrings even when I'm not looking. This is my last step of getting dressed." Racked: Is there ever any issue with the heavy makeup? Are you ever getting something on and you just take your face off on your dress? Sagan Rose: "It happens. We're sweating, we're working hard, and it gets hot underneath those lights. So occasionally, there's white fur near our face and we do get makeup on them, but wardrobe can handle something like that in a snap and by the next show it's clean." Sagan Rose : "So we go from glamorous, sparkly, sassy

Rockettes to this." Raley Zofko: "This is such a crowd pleaser, actually. This is one of my favorite numbers to perform, too. We get to go through the audience this year, which is so cool because we're dancing and stepping all jolly and you get to look at an audience member right in the face and say 'So be good, for goodness sake!' And some of them are freaked out, and some of them love it. This costume is awesome." Sagan Rose: "Everyone thinks that this is a real fat suit, like padded fat. But it's not — it's like a harnessed wire inner tube. We fit right in there and there's no padding down here. Everyone is really surprised that we're all jumping with that. It's nice that there is freedom in this, because we are doing such big movements. It's not necessarily pressed up against our bodies, so we can still move and jump around." Raley Zofko: "The thing that I want to point out here is the wig department — because we kind of get a little messy in our number, they curl our hair and fix this after every performance to make our Santa beards look real and authentic." Racked: Tell us about the space we're in right now — there are a lot of costumes in here. Raley Zofko: "This is the nap space, and lots of changes happen back here. The ensembles are back here, the Rockettes are back here — this is the largest space that we have to change." Sagan Rose: "There can be anywhere from ten to forty [costume] people back here." Raley Zofko: "We have about ten costume changes, and that's just as much choreographed backstage as it is on stage." Racked: Are you just throwing things off and leaving them in a pile for people to handle so you can get back out there? Sagan Rose: "We each have a spot that one or two girls will go to, and there's one dresser to about two girls. We have amazing, amazing dressers. As soon as we come off stage, we're running, and we know exactly where we're going, we know who to look for. It's even choreographed how, if we're changing together, I'll do my earrings first and my dress second and my shoes third, and she'll do her shoes first and her dress second and her earrings third." Raley Zofko: "It's as organized as a [quick] costume change can be." perruques cheveuxRaley Zofko: "This was a newly designed costume by Greg Barnes in 2014. There used to be a rag doll dress that was longer and less form-fitting, and this is cinched at the waist and shorter. And we have the cutest red-and-white striped tights. And underneath that, we have our custom-designed bloomers that I absolutely adore." Sagan Rose: "I wish I could purchase them at a store — they're that cute." Raley Zofko: "We have our glasses, and we have our wigs. This is a wire material that fits right on top of your head." Sagan Rose: "And they are actually pretty light on our heads. We keep the wig caps [from 'Dancing Santas'] on for that." Raley Zofko: "And then we have our Mary Jane tap shoes, which are also miked." Sagan Rose: "We charge the '12 Days of Christmas' tap shoes and these tap shoes after each show, just to make sure." Raley Zofko: "It's so much fun to be a rag doll and get to dance and make funny faces at your friend and look at the audience and blow them kisses." Sagan Rose: "A lot of us come up on the pit of the stage so we are literally this close to the audience, and there will be little kids in the front being like 'Oh my gosh!' They don't know what is happening, their minds are blown, so it's fun to play with them." Racked: You two are seasoned pros at eight and nine years. Has anyone in this cast been around for longer?

Raley Zofko: "There are girls that have been doing it for 16 years that are still in the line!" Racked: Do you have a memory of a favorite show that was a little bit out of the ordinary? Raley Zofko: "There's a gold cast and a blue cast, and I just transitioned from the gold cast." Sagan Rose: "The blue cast is all the morning shows. while the gold cast is all the evening shows." Raley Zofko: "But the gold cast hasn't been doing opening night — this year, when I transitioned to the blue cast, I got to do opening night. That was literally spectacular because there is just such an energy on opening night that I've never felt before. I don't really get nervous anymore. I've done it a lot, and the show is very similar in the ways it changes [from year to year]. I focus on the changes so that I know exactly what to not mess up on, or try to not mess up on. But I've never felt that much energy, love, and support. We had the other cast in the theater watching us, too." lace front wigsSagan Rose: "It was the best crowd I've had in eight years. I felt like a rock star." Racked: What has it been like to perform on this huge world stage, and how is it different to perform elsewhere? Sagan Rose: "Well, to me, I feel like Radio City is my second home. I feel so comfortable on stage and I feel like we all have a bond, especially during the holidays, because a lot of us are from different places and don't have families here. I just feel so at home and so at peace on this stage. [But] when we do travel and perform outside, it's always a nice, different energy that you get." Raley Zofko: "It might be a little bit nerve-wracking in a different way, but it's just as exciting. It's just different — you can't really compare Radio City to outside venues because there's that sense of comfortability on this stage." Sagan Rose: "This is one of my favorites to wear — like '12 Days of Christmas,' the legs are highlighted. With this design, they really wanted to emphasize that every snowflake, like every Rockette, is different, but we come together to make a beautiful snowstorm. So there are six designs of this costume in six colors. All of these straps [on the top] are the biggest change."

Raley Zofko: "On my purple costume, I don't have any of these straps in the front at all. And then we have multiple cuffs and ribbons with rhinestones, and everything is covered in Swarovski crystals. Like what Sagan said, every Rockette is different, and every costume is different, and that's what they try to do with this design. And I think it's so gorgeous. On stage, it's beautiful — with the choreography in the mix, we're beautiful snowflakes dancing in a snowstorm." Sagan Rose: "Linda Haberman was the choreographer for this, and she really emphasized that she really wanted to bring our individual personalities to the stage and celebrate that. Because when you think of the Rockettes you think of a big group of women, but we all are different and have different personalities and different ways that we dance. So it's a really nice number to perform." Raley Zofko: "And then on our LaDuca shoes, the color is painted to match our tights, and the heels have Swarovski crystals on them." Sagan Rose: "This heel is different than our other ones, because it's about a half inch higher to continue the line of the leg. It's a leggy costume." cosplay wigsRacked: What advice would you give to Rockette hopefuls? Sagan Rose: "Taking ballet is very important for dancers, because if you have that good technique background, it will show in anything you do." Raley Zofko: "Tap is very important, too. All versions and styles of dance are important for Rockettes because we are proficient in all of it. I would say take as many classes as often as you can and focus on your technique." Sagan Rose: "And any job, especially in the performing arts industry, is so specific in what they need. So one year, they might need a tall girl, or they'll need a shortish girl for my spot. I think it's perseverance — If you have a goal, don't ever take no for an answer." Raley Zofko: "I would finish that off with dream big, and don't ever lose sight of your dreams. I'm from a small town in the very tip of Alabama and there's not very much dance and entertainment and theater down there. So when I first started dancing, I didn't necessarily know what was out there. And it was just once upon a time — Sagan said she saw the Rockettes at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and so did I — and I thought, 'That is glamorous, that is beautiful. They are dancing, and I dance.' And it just became a tiny little dream that grew into a big dream, and now it's my life. It's just so unbelievable that it actually came true."